Projeto e validação experimental de um energy management system para mitigação de distúrbios de tensão em redes elétricas causados pela conexão de veículos elétricos e geradores fotovoltaicos

Abstract

The growing presence of photovoltaic generation and electric vehicle chargers in low-voltage distribution networks intensifies local voltage variations, increasing the need for devices capable of active and coordinated control. The absence of dedicated equipment that integrates measurement, supervision, and control motivated the development of an Energy Management System (EMS) applied to a DC microgrid composed of three buses, resistive loads, motors, programmable power supplies, and a module that emulates vehicle charging. The system performs analog data acquisition through an Arduino MEGA 2560 and centralized processing on a Raspberry Pi 4, where sliding-window algorithms detect undervoltage and overvoltage conditions, dynamically adjusting the power demanded by the EV and the power injected by the PV units. Bench experiments show that, without control, the system frequently operates outside acceptable voltage limits, exhibiting undervoltage during EV charging and overvoltage caused by PV injection. With the EMS enabled, the progressive power control restores operation within the appropriate range, reduces the duration and severity of violations, and stabilizes electrical quantities along the feeder. The accumulated energy in the experiments is higher under active control because the EMS reestablishes nominal operating conditions, allowing loads and sources to operate properly. In the EV, PV, and combined EV+PV scenarios, the controller demonstrates robustness by coordinating load and generation modulation, ensuring operational continuity and energy balance among the buses.