Mortalidade empresarial no Brasil de 2020-2024: uma análise à luz da macroeconomia marxista

Abstract

This paper analyzes business mortality in Brazil between 2020 and 2024 from a Marxist macroeconomic perspective, aiming to understand how cyclical crises, indebtedness, and the structural dependency of the national economy contributed to the shutdown of companies during this period. The research, qualitative and exploratory in nature, is based on the theoretical frameworks of Karl Marx, David Harvey, and Ruy Mauro Marini, addressing the dynamics of capital destruction and recomposition, financialization, and the subordination of peripheral economies. Through the analysis of concrete cases — such as the bankruptcies of Americanas, Itapemirim, Light, and Gol Linhas Aéreas — the study reveals that business mortality is not merely the result of managerial failure but a structural process of capital concentration and centralization. It concludes that the recurrence of crises and the elimination of less competitive firms express the contradictory logic of dependent Brazilian capitalism.